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'From an evolutionary perspective, it has been suggested that the night-owl trait may have evolved to facilitate short-term mating, that is, sexual interactions outside of committed, monogamous relationships,' he said. Prof Maestripieri believes that the link between night owls and risky behaviour has roots in evolutionary strategies for finding mates. Gender differences in sleep patterns emerge after puberty and become weaker or disappear after women reach menopause, the academic said.
Prof Maestripieri said preferences for being a night owl or early morning person are due in part to biology and genetic inheritance, but also can be influenced by environmental factors such as shift work or child-rearing. More men than women consider themselves night owls, the study found, and men sleep less overall. High cortisol can be associated with higher cognitive function, he said, and some studies show high-achieving, successful people have high cortisol levels. These people have high metabolism, high energy and arousability. He explains that some people have chronically high cortisol levels regardless of stress, which is known to increase cortisol for short periods of time. Men had higher cortisol and testosterone levels than women however, night-owl women had cortisol levels comparable to night-owl and early-morning men. The participants also described their own willingness to take risks and gave information about their sleep patterns. Those levels were measured before and after participants took a test of their tendencies for financial risk.
The study participants (110 males and 91 females) provided saliva samples to assess their levels of cortisol and testosterone. He was curious whether sleep patterns have any influence on these tendencies, through an association with differences in personality and in novelty-seeking. Prof Maestripieri wanted to explore why men take more risks than women. 'In addition, male night owls reported twice as many sexual partners than male early birds.' He said: 'Night owls, both males and females, are more likely to be single or in short-term romantic relationships versus long-term relationships, when compared to early birds. The study was led by Dario Maestripieri, professor in Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago. The research, published in the journal Evolutionary Psychology found that night owls tend to have higher levels of cortisol, which is associated with high energy, arousal and risk-taking.
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